Surface Bio-Functionalization of Anti-Bacterial Titanium Implants: A Review

Titanium (Ti) and titanium alloy have been widely used in orthopedics. However, the successful application of implants is mainly limited due to implant-associated infections. The implant surface contributes osseointegration, but also has risk accelerating growth bacterial colonies, surfaces infected with bacteria easily form biofilms that are resistant antibiotics. Biofilm-related infections a disastrous complication trauma orthopedic surgery occur when an colonized by bacteria. Surface bio-functionalization extensively studied better realize inhibition proliferation further optimize mechanical functions implants. Recently, presented improve osseointegration. there still numerous clinical non-clinical challenges. In this review, these aspects were highlighted develop strategies for enhancing eliminate